The determinant of attachment is not food, but care and responsiveness. Bowlby suggested that a child would initially form only one primary attachment monotropy and that the attachment figure acted as a secure base for exploring the world. The attachment relationship acts as a prototype for all future social relationships so disrupting it can have severe consequences.
This theory also suggests that there is a critical period for developing an attachment about 0 -5 years. If an attachment has not developed during this period, then the child will suffer from irreversible developmental consequences, such as reduced intelligence and increased aggression. McLeod, S. Attachment theory. Simply Psychology. Ainsworth, M. Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation.
Child Development, 41 , The development of infant-mother attachment. Ricciuti Eds. Attachments and other affectional bonds across the life cycle. Parkes, J. Marris Eds. London: Routledge. Bowlby, J. The nature of the childs tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39 , Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. New York: Basic Books. A two-year-old goes to hospital. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 46, — Dollard, J. Personality and psychotherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Harlow, H. The development of affective responsiveness in infant monkeys. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, , Prior, V.
Understanding attachment and attachment disorders: Theory, evidence and practice. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Bird was skeptical but joined them on a research project — the results of which, published in , shocked him: Among both autistic and non-autistic men, those with weaker brain responses to images of another person in pain had higher levels of alexithymia.
After adjusting for alexithymia — which was not routinely done — the empathetic brain responses in the two groups showed no differences at all.
It could also shake up how autism is screened for, diagnosed, treated and even defined. Listen to a Spectrum webinar with Zachary Williams about measuring alexithymia. And it comes with an important corollary: Any research into emotion processing in autistic people needs to measure and control for alexithymia, as is done with intelligence quotients, Bird and others say.
Otherwise, alexithymia — which occurs in about half of autistic people, compared with 5 percent of neurotypical people — could be a major confounding factor in many autism studies. But a slew of new tools are poised to help them measure the trait more routinely — potentially reshaping emotion research in the process. Teams that have already heeded the call are discovering that accounting for alexithymia makes some apparent emotion-processing differences between autistic and non-autistic people disappear.
A few years after those first surprising results, Bird and a colleague articulated the hypothesis that alexithymia might explain some of the emotion-processing difficulties associated with autism — and their variation among autistic people.
The two keep separate research lives, they say, but when Cook set up her own lab three years ago, measuring alexithymia became a founding principle. In a study published earlier this year, she and her colleagues asked 60 alexithymia-matched autistic and non-autistic adults to look at a series of dots animated to look like moving faces and rate them as angry, happy or sad.
The two groups were equally adept at recognizing most emotions, the team found. Of note, autistic people struggled more than their non-autistic peers with recognizing anger, suggesting that something about that emotion is different for people with autism. Keating and others typically measure alexithymia with a self-report questionnaire called the item Toronto Alexithymia Scale TAS , which was created in Among non-autistic people, the higher the score, the more difficulty someone has recognizing their own emotions.
Frequency and severity approaches to indexing exposure to trauma: The Critical Incident History Questionnaire for police officers more. The Critical Incident History Questionnaire indexes cumulative exposure to traumatic incidents in police by examining incident frequency and rated severity. Cumulative exposure indices that varied emphasis on frequency and severity-using both nomothetic and idiographic methods-all showed satisfactory psychometric properties and similar correlates. All indices were only modestly related to posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD symptoms.
Ratings of incident severity were not influenced by whether officers had ever experienced the incident. Because no index summarizing cumulative exposure to trauma had superior validity, our findings suggest that precision is not increased if frequency is weighted by severity. This study examined whether peritraumatic dissociation serves to protect trauma-exposed individuals from experiencing high levels of peritraumatic distress or is an epiphenomenon of high levels of peritraumatic distress.
The sample was The sample was comprised of police officers and peer-nominated civilians exposed to a variety of critical incidents. Participants filled out measures of trauma exposure, traumatic stress, peritraumatic distress, and peritraumatic dissociation.
There was an overall moderate-to-strong linear relationship between peritraumatic distress and dissociation. Among those with high levels of dissociation, very few reported low levels of distress.
Among those with high levels of distress, a significant number--but not all--reported high levels of dissociation. Our results do not provide support for the idea that dissociation protects individuals from experiencing high levels of distress at the time of the trauma but rather suggest that dissociation is an epiphenomenon of high levels of distress observed in a subset of individuals.
This study examines the longitudinal course and predictors of stress-specific and general symptomatic distress in emergency services personnel.
A three-group quasi-experimental design was used to determine the responses of rescue A three-group quasi-experimental design was used to determine the responses of rescue workers to the Loma Prieta earthquake Interstate Freeway collapse and to unrelated control critical incidents.
Self-report questionnaires, including measures of incident exposure, peritraumatic dissociation and emotional distress, and current symptoms, were administered 1.
Despite modest symptom improvement at follow-up, rescue workers were at risk for chronic symptomatic distress after critical incident exposure. Peritraumatic dissociation accounted for significant increments in current posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, over and above exposure, adjustment, years of experience, locus of control, social support, and general dissociative tendencies. The results suggest that rescue workers, particularly those with more catastrophic exposure and those prone to dissociate at the time of the critical incident, are at risk for chronic symptomatic distress.
We obtained self-report measures of: a We obtained self-report measures of: a PTSD symptoms, b peritraumatic dissociation, c exposure to duty-related critical incidents, d general psychiatric symptoms, e response bias due to social desirability, and f demographic variables.
These effects were small in size but they persisted even after controlling for differences in other relevant variables. Contrary to expectation, we found no gender differences in PTSD symptoms. Our findings are of note because: a they replicate a previous finding of greater PTSD among Hispanic-American military personnel and b they fail to replicate the well-established finding of greater PTSD symptoms among civilian women.
0コメント